From Resistance to Reservations
The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced relocation of Native American nations following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The removal included many members of tribes who did not wish to assimilate. Many Native Americans suffered from disease and exposure, and somewhere between 2,000-6,000 Cherokee died on the trail. This article is about the Trail of Tears Diary and includes interviews that reveal the extraordinary resilience of the Native American nations during the trail.
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The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced relocation of Native American nations following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The removal included many members of tribes who did not wish to assimilate. Many Native Americans suffered from disease and exposure, and somewhere between 2,000-6,000 Cherokee died on the trail. This article is about the Trail of Tears Diary and includes interviews that reveal the extraordinary resilience of the Native American nations during the trail.
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Life on Reservations
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was the U.S. Government federal policy that forcibly removed Native Americans from their land and relocated them to reservations. This article discusses the tragic history of relocation and assimilation, as well as the quality of life of Native Americans on reservations today.
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The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was the U.S. Government federal policy that forcibly removed Native Americans from their land and relocated them to reservations. This article discusses the tragic history of relocation and assimilation, as well as the quality of life of Native Americans on reservations today.
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Manifest Destiny
In the 19th and early 20th Centuries, the U.S. made a significant effort pushing westward into new territories, motivated by the driving force of "Manifest Destiny", or the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across North America. This article explores the concepts of Manifest Destiny and American exceptionalism, and how they fueled early Americans' endeavors to settle new regions of the continent.
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In the 19th and early 20th Centuries, the U.S. made a significant effort pushing westward into new territories, motivated by the driving force of "Manifest Destiny", or the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across North America. This article explores the concepts of Manifest Destiny and American exceptionalism, and how they fueled early Americans' endeavors to settle new regions of the continent.
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Klondike Gold Rush
On August 16, 1896, miners found gold in the Klondike region of the Yukon in northwestern Canada. This inspired a migration of an estimated 100,000 people between 1896-1899, hoping to find similar success and riches.
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On August 16, 1896, miners found gold in the Klondike region of the Yukon in northwestern Canada. This inspired a migration of an estimated 100,000 people between 1896-1899, hoping to find similar success and riches.
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The History of Labor Unions
In the past, when workers were mistreated by their employers, there was nothing they could do about it. Labor unions were the workers’ solution to this problem. This article sets the scene for the dawn of labor unions, explores the history of workers’ rights, and explains the strategies they still use today.
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In the past, when workers were mistreated by their employers, there was nothing they could do about it. Labor unions were the workers’ solution to this problem. This article sets the scene for the dawn of labor unions, explores the history of workers’ rights, and explains the strategies they still use today.
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The Life of a U.S. Industrial Worker
This text asks students to imagine what it would be like to live as a worker, specifically as a child worker, in the U.S. Industrial Revolution—a time of great technological progress though often at the cost of workers’ rights.
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This text asks students to imagine what it would be like to live as a worker, specifically as a child worker, in the U.S. Industrial Revolution—a time of great technological progress though often at the cost of workers’ rights.
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Shoe Factory Horror
The Industrial Revolution marked America's transition from producing products by hand to using machines. This transition occurred between 1760-1840; however, it wasn't until much later that safety precautions were taken to protect workers. While the Industrial Revolution increased production, it was often at the expense of workers' safety. The R. B. Grover & Cc. shoe factory explosion was one of many disasters in which workers suffered due to exposure to unsafe working conditions. This article from The Taney County Republican reports on the tragic explosion at the Grover shoe factory.
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The Industrial Revolution marked America's transition from producing products by hand to using machines. This transition occurred between 1760-1840; however, it wasn't until much later that safety precautions were taken to protect workers. While the Industrial Revolution increased production, it was often at the expense of workers' safety. The R. B. Grover & Cc. shoe factory explosion was one of many disasters in which workers suffered due to exposure to unsafe working conditions. This article from The Taney County Republican reports on the tragic explosion at the Grover shoe factory.
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The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in U.S. History. The fatal event resulted in numerous factory workers’ deaths and stunned the public. This article discusses the mistakes that led to this deadly disaster, as well as the drive for safer working conditions that followed.
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The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in U.S. History. The fatal event resulted in numerous factory workers’ deaths and stunned the public. This article discusses the mistakes that led to this deadly disaster, as well as the drive for safer working conditions that followed.
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The Coeur d'Alene Miners Uprising
In 1892, unionized miners in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho went on strike because companies were cutting their salaries and increasing their hours. The companies recruited new workers by advertising in other states without mentioning the strike. They also hired guards to protect the replacement workers and labor spies to infiltrate the miners’ union. When strikers discovered the spies, violence broke out between guards and union workers, with many replacement workers attacked. Three union men and two company men were killed, with 17 more union men injured. The governor declared martial law and called in the Idaho National Guard to suppress the violence and arrest over 600 union men. The strike inspired workers to establish the Western Federation of Miners union, which aimed to outlaw labor spies.
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In 1892, unionized miners in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho went on strike because companies were cutting their salaries and increasing their hours. The companies recruited new workers by advertising in other states without mentioning the strike. They also hired guards to protect the replacement workers and labor spies to infiltrate the miners’ union. When strikers discovered the spies, violence broke out between guards and union workers, with many replacement workers attacked. Three union men and two company men were killed, with 17 more union men injured. The governor declared martial law and called in the Idaho National Guard to suppress the violence and arrest over 600 union men. The strike inspired workers to establish the Western Federation of Miners union, which aimed to outlaw labor spies.
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Being a Reporter During the Gilded Age
The Gilded Age was the time between the Civil War and World War I, during which wealthy people were leading luxurious lives and average Americans were struggling. One industry that was also struggling was journalism. This article discusses what new journalists had to do to get ahead in the industry.
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The Gilded Age was the time between the Civil War and World War I, during which wealthy people were leading luxurious lives and average Americans were struggling. One industry that was also struggling was journalism. This article discusses what new journalists had to do to get ahead in the industry.
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The Jungle
Upton Sinclair (1878-1968) was a famous 20 Century poet who often experimented with different genres. The Jungle, published in 1906, exposed the harsh conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago and other similar industrial cities. Public pressure during the aftermath of the book’s publication led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act, which helps ensure that meat is packaged under sanitary conditions.
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Upton Sinclair (1878-1968) was a famous 20 Century poet who often experimented with different genres. The Jungle, published in 1906, exposed the harsh conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago and other similar industrial cities. Public pressure during the aftermath of the book’s publication led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act, which helps ensure that meat is packaged under sanitary conditions.
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Fear of Change
Henry Ford (1863-1947) is most famous for founding the Ford Motor Company and developing the assembly line, which is essential to mass production. "Fear of Change" is an excerpt from Ford’s longer work entitled Ford Ideals. In "Fear of Change", Ford examines why change is necessary and why some people respond to it negatively.
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Henry Ford (1863-1947) is most famous for founding the Ford Motor Company and developing the assembly line, which is essential to mass production. "Fear of Change" is an excerpt from Ford’s longer work entitled Ford Ideals. In "Fear of Change", Ford examines why change is necessary and why some people respond to it negatively.
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The Progressive Era
This article discusses the period known as the Progressive Era, a time in American history during which a number of new legislation, reforms, and incidents of political activism helped to create big changes in American society - changes with legacies that live on today.
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This article discusses the period known as the Progressive Era, a time in American history during which a number of new legislation, reforms, and incidents of political activism helped to create big changes in American society - changes with legacies that live on today.
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The Life's Work of Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) was a prominent figure in the Women's Suffrage Movement, in which she fought for women’s right to vote in the U.S.. While Anthony dedicated a majority of her life to this movement, it wouldn't be until 1920 that the 19th Amendment, also known as the Anthony Amendment, would be added to the U.S. Constitution. The 19th Amendment prohibits citizens from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. This article discusses the life and work of Anthony.
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Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) was a prominent figure in the Women's Suffrage Movement, in which she fought for women’s right to vote in the U.S.. While Anthony dedicated a majority of her life to this movement, it wouldn't be until 1920 that the 19th Amendment, also known as the Anthony Amendment, would be added to the U.S. Constitution. The 19th Amendment prohibits citizens from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. This article discusses the life and work of Anthony.
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Address to Congress on Women's Suffrage
Until the early 20th Century, women in America were denied suffrage (the right to vote) in political elections. It wasn’t until June 4, 1919 that Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which granted women their right to vote. Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947) campaigned for the 19th Amendment, and was considered a leader among women’s suffrage. This article contain's Catt's address to Congress in November 1917.
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Until the early 20th Century, women in America were denied suffrage (the right to vote) in political elections. It wasn’t until June 4, 1919 that Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which granted women their right to vote. Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947) campaigned for the 19th Amendment, and was considered a leader among women’s suffrage. This article contain's Catt's address to Congress in November 1917.
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The Story of Ida B. Wells
Ida Bell Wells (1862-1931) was an African-American journalist, editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement. This article contains a short biography of Ida B. Wells and the personal tragedy she experienced that pushed her to raise national awareness about violence and discrimination against African-Americans.
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Ida Bell Wells (1862-1931) was an African-American journalist, editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement. This article contains a short biography of Ida B. Wells and the personal tragedy she experienced that pushed her to raise national awareness about violence and discrimination against African-Americans.
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The Fight to Get the Vote
The suffrage movement of the late 1800s and early 1900s was women’s fight for the legal right to vote in the U.S. This battle spanned over several decades, and it wasn’t until 1920 that women were granted the right to vote nationally with the 19th Amendment. This newspaper article from The Barre Daily Times discusses the various women involved in the suffrage moment, including those who opposed it, as well as the movement's progression over the years.
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The suffrage movement of the late 1800s and early 1900s was women’s fight for the legal right to vote in the U.S. This battle spanned over several decades, and it wasn’t until 1920 that women were granted the right to vote nationally with the 19th Amendment. This newspaper article from The Barre Daily Times discusses the various women involved in the suffrage moment, including those who opposed it, as well as the movement's progression over the years.
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Conservation As a National Duty
President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) served as the 26th U.S. President. As an explorer and naturalist, Theodore Roosevelt was a great supporter of environmental policies and protection. In the following speech delivered on May 16th, 1908, President Roosevelt deems conservation a national responsibility.
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President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) served as the 26th U.S. President. As an explorer and naturalist, Theodore Roosevelt was a great supporter of environmental policies and protection. In the following speech delivered on May 16th, 1908, President Roosevelt deems conservation a national responsibility.
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The Man in the Arena
Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) was the 26th U.S. President from 1901-1909. He was an early supporter of social activism, progressive political reform, and environmental conservation. Henry Adams, an American historian who ran in the same circles as Roosevelt, described the former president as such: “Roosevelt, more than any other man... was pure act.” This article contains an excerpt that comes from a much longer speech entitled “Citizenship in a Republic” that Roosevelt gave in France a year after he left the office of the presidency. The excerpt has become known as “The Man in the Arena” speech, because someone who is heavily involved in a situation that requires courage, skill, or tenacity (as opposed to someone sitting on the sidelines and watching), is sometimes referred to as “the man in the arena.”
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Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) was the 26th U.S. President from 1901-1909. He was an early supporter of social activism, progressive political reform, and environmental conservation. Henry Adams, an American historian who ran in the same circles as Roosevelt, described the former president as such: “Roosevelt, more than any other man... was pure act.” This article contains an excerpt that comes from a much longer speech entitled “Citizenship in a Republic” that Roosevelt gave in France a year after he left the office of the presidency. The excerpt has become known as “The Man in the Arena” speech, because someone who is heavily involved in a situation that requires courage, skill, or tenacity (as opposed to someone sitting on the sidelines and watching), is sometimes referred to as “the man in the arena.”
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The White Man's Burden
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was a British writer who is best known for The Jungle Book. In 1899, he wrote "The White Man’s Burden". Originally subtitled with "The United States and the Philippine Islands", Kipling wrote this poem after the Spanish-American War (1898), during which the U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain. This poem sparked considerable controversy when it was written, including H.T. Johnson's response (a poem called “The Black Man’s Burden”) because of its claim that the duty of white men was now to go to the Philippines in order to "civilize" the island's people.
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Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was a British writer who is best known for The Jungle Book. In 1899, he wrote "The White Man’s Burden". Originally subtitled with "The United States and the Philippine Islands", Kipling wrote this poem after the Spanish-American War (1898), during which the U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain. This poem sparked considerable controversy when it was written, including H.T. Johnson's response (a poem called “The Black Man’s Burden”) because of its claim that the duty of white men was now to go to the Philippines in order to "civilize" the island's people.
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The Scramble For Africa
This article discusses the act of creating an empire composed of foreign territories and colonies (known as imperialism).
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This article discusses the act of creating an empire composed of foreign territories and colonies (known as imperialism).
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The War Prayer
Samuel Clemens (1835-1910), recognized by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist best known for his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. During the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), Twain became increasingly opposed to imperialism.
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Samuel Clemens (1835-1910), recognized by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist best known for his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. During the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), Twain became increasingly opposed to imperialism.
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The Monroe Doctrine and American Imperialism
The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. policy beginning in 1823 that opposed Europe's colonization of the Americas. This article discusses the parameters of the policy, as well as its effects both nationally and globally.
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The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. policy beginning in 1823 that opposed Europe's colonization of the Americas. This article discusses the parameters of the policy, as well as its effects both nationally and globally.
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Heart of Darkness
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) was a Polish-British writer and is considered one of the greatest novelists in the English language. Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness tells the story of Charles Marlow’s voyage to Africa and explores themes of imperialism and racism. In this excerpt, the narrator describes Marlow, who then imagines what it must have been like for Romans when they first came to England.
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Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) was a Polish-British writer and is considered one of the greatest novelists in the English language. Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness tells the story of Charles Marlow’s voyage to Africa and explores themes of imperialism and racism. In this excerpt, the narrator describes Marlow, who then imagines what it must have been like for Romans when they first came to England.
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Immigration to the U.S.
This article discusses the long history of people traveling to the U.S. to make a new life for themselves.
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This article discusses the long history of people traveling to the U.S. to make a new life for themselves.
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America's Shifting Views on Immigration
From 1892-1954, Ellis Island in Upper New York Bay was the point of entry for over 12 million immigrants coming to the U.S.. Over time, who has been allowed to immigrate and where they went to enter the U.S. have changed, but discussions about perfecting the system continue to this day. This article discusses the history of immigration in the U.S. and the policies that have shaped it to what it is today.
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From 1892-1954, Ellis Island in Upper New York Bay was the point of entry for over 12 million immigrants coming to the U.S.. Over time, who has been allowed to immigrate and where they went to enter the U.S. have changed, but discussions about perfecting the system continue to this day. This article discusses the history of immigration in the U.S. and the policies that have shaped it to what it is today.
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Ellis Island
In this poem, a speaker describes their relatives coming to America through Ellis Island, a popular gateway for immigrants.
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In this poem, a speaker describes their relatives coming to America through Ellis Island, a popular gateway for immigrants.
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The New Colossus
Emma Lazarus (1849-1887) was a Jewish-American poet, best known for her sonnet “The New Colossus.” This poem is currently engraved on a bronze plaque and displayed on the Statue of Liberty’s pedestal. The statue stands across from the historic Ellis Island, through which millions of immigrants came into the U.S. in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
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Emma Lazarus (1849-1887) was a Jewish-American poet, best known for her sonnet “The New Colossus.” This poem is currently engraved on a bronze plaque and displayed on the Statue of Liberty’s pedestal. The statue stands across from the historic Ellis Island, through which millions of immigrants came into the U.S. in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
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The Rush of Immigrants
This informational text discusses the tide of new immigration, from the beginning of the Gilded Age of economic growth in the 1870s to the anti-immigration policies put in place during the 1920s. While immigrants of the early 1800s often came from Western Europe, the new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, as well as Asia.
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This informational text discusses the tide of new immigration, from the beginning of the Gilded Age of economic growth in the 1870s to the anti-immigration policies put in place during the 1920s. While immigrants of the early 1800s often came from Western Europe, the new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, as well as Asia.
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Shut the Door
In the early 20th Century, there was an influx of immigration to the U.S.. The Quota Act of 1921 and the Act of 1924 prohibited the amount of immigrants allowed into the country, the latter more restrictive than the former. In the following speech delivered to Congress on April 9, 1924, Senator Ellison DuRant Smith of South Carolina argues that in order to preserve American resources, the government should restrict immigration. Although his argument is now largely considered racist, the Act of 1924 was instated with only six dissenting votes.
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In the early 20th Century, there was an influx of immigration to the U.S.. The Quota Act of 1921 and the Act of 1924 prohibited the amount of immigrants allowed into the country, the latter more restrictive than the former. In the following speech delivered to Congress on April 9, 1924, Senator Ellison DuRant Smith of South Carolina argues that in order to preserve American resources, the government should restrict immigration. Although his argument is now largely considered racist, the Act of 1924 was instated with only six dissenting votes.
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From Lithuania to Chicago Stockyards
Antanas Kaztauskis dictated this story of his immigration from Lithuania to the Americas to Ernest Poole, a reporter for the Independent. In order to pursue a better life and escape the possibility of conscription into the Russian Army, Kaztauskis left his homeland to work in the Chicago Stockyards. In stark contrast to the humbler origins from whence he came, the Chicago Stockyards embodied ideals of hard work, competition and sacrifice against the backdrop of intense labor conflict.
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Antanas Kaztauskis dictated this story of his immigration from Lithuania to the Americas to Ernest Poole, a reporter for the Independent. In order to pursue a better life and escape the possibility of conscription into the Russian Army, Kaztauskis left his homeland to work in the Chicago Stockyards. In stark contrast to the humbler origins from whence he came, the Chicago Stockyards embodied ideals of hard work, competition and sacrifice against the backdrop of intense labor conflict.
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Puerto Rican Obituary
Pedro Pietri (1944-2004) was a poet, playwright, and founder of the Nuyorican Movement. The Nuyorican Movement refers to the cultural and intellectual movement involving writers and artists who are Puerto Rican or of Puerto Rican descent, who live in or near New York City. This article contains the poem that was first performed by the poet in 1969.
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Pedro Pietri (1944-2004) was a poet, playwright, and founder of the Nuyorican Movement. The Nuyorican Movement refers to the cultural and intellectual movement involving writers and artists who are Puerto Rican or of Puerto Rican descent, who live in or near New York City. This article contains the poem that was first performed by the poet in 1969.
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Peaches
Adrienne Su is a Chinese-American author who grew up in Georgia. In this poem, a speaker describes their experiences as the child of immigrant parents.
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Adrienne Su is a Chinese-American author who grew up in Georgia. In this poem, a speaker describes their experiences as the child of immigrant parents.
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Maps
Yesina Montilla is an author and poet who was born and raised in New York City. In this poem, a speaker describes the lines on maps.
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Yesina Montilla is an author and poet who was born and raised in New York City. In this poem, a speaker describes the lines on maps.
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Typhoid Mary
Mary Mallon (1869-1938) was an Irish-American immigrant who worked as a cook, and was the first person in the history of the United States to be identified as an asymptomatic carrier (someone who has contracted a disease but experiences no symptoms) of typhoid fever. She was dubbed "Typhoid Mary" and was forcibly isolated twice, eventually dying in quarantine. Over the course of her career as a cook, she was presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died. Mallon wrote the following letter to her lawyer, Mr. O’Neill, in 1909. At the time, she had been forced into quarantine on an island off the coast of New York for more than two years against her will, claiming that she was not infected because she never showed any symptoms of the disease, despite significant evidence that she was a carrier and had already infected dozens of people she had cooked for.
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Mary Mallon (1869-1938) was an Irish-American immigrant who worked as a cook, and was the first person in the history of the United States to be identified as an asymptomatic carrier (someone who has contracted a disease but experiences no symptoms) of typhoid fever. She was dubbed "Typhoid Mary" and was forcibly isolated twice, eventually dying in quarantine. Over the course of her career as a cook, she was presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died. Mallon wrote the following letter to her lawyer, Mr. O’Neill, in 1909. At the time, she had been forced into quarantine on an island off the coast of New York for more than two years against her will, claiming that she was not infected because she never showed any symptoms of the disease, despite significant evidence that she was a carrier and had already infected dozens of people she had cooked for.
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Mexican Migrant Workers
The U.S. is a nation made up of people with many different backgrounds. Since Mexico is a neighboring country, many of these people are Mexican or Mexican-American. This article describes how many immigrants and Mexican-Americans worked on farms for low pay and little respect throughout the 20th Century, and even today.
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The U.S. is a nation made up of people with many different backgrounds. Since Mexico is a neighboring country, many of these people are Mexican or Mexican-American. This article describes how many immigrants and Mexican-Americans worked on farms for low pay and little respect throughout the 20th Century, and even today.
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America and I
Anzia Yezierska (1880-1970) was a Jewish-American novelist known for her writing on immigration, assimilation, and Jewish-American lives. As a child, she and her family immigrated from the Russian-Polish border to the U.S. This article contains an essay about her struggles adapting to living in America.
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Anzia Yezierska (1880-1970) was a Jewish-American novelist known for her writing on immigration, assimilation, and Jewish-American lives. As a child, she and her family immigrated from the Russian-Polish border to the U.S. This article contains an essay about her struggles adapting to living in America.
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